Impact assessment on the internalisation of external costs
DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL.

When amending Directive 1999/62/EC on charging heavy goods vehicles (HGV) for the use of infrastructure in May 2006, the European Parliament and the Council stated1 that: “No later than 10 June 2008, the Commission shall present, after examining all options including environment, noise, congestion and health-related costs, a generally applicable, transparent and comprehensible model for the assessment of all external costs to serve as the basis for future calculations of infrastructure charges”. The amending Directive adds that: “This model shall be accompanied by an impact analysis of the internalisation of external costs for all modes of transport and a strategy for a stepwise implementation of the model for all modes of transport. The report and the model shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by proposals to the European Parliament and the Council for further revision of this Directive”

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON A NEW APPROACH FOR THE CLEANER AND
MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT VEHICLES DIRECTIVE PROPOSAL
DIRECTORATE GENERAL ENERGY AND TRANSPORT

PricewaterhouseCoopers Advisory (PwC) presents a study regarding an Impact Assessment on a new approach for the cleaner and more energy efficient vehicles directive proposal. This study was prepared by PwC for the European Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General for Transport and Energy. PwC does not accept or assume any liability or duty of care for any other purpose or to any other party. PwC shall not be liable in respect of any loss, damage or expense of whatsoever nature which may be caused by any use of this study. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not represent any official view of the Commission.

Promotion of clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles
DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

The Commission's 2001 White Paper on the European transport policy for 2010 [COM(2001) 370: "European Transport policy for 2010: time to decide"] noted the need for further measures to combat emissions from transport and stated that the Commission would encourage the development of a market for "clean vehicles". The mid-term review [COM(2006) 314: “Keep Europe moving – Sustainable mobility for our continent”] announced that the EU will stimulate environmentally friendly innovation i.a. by successive Euro norms and by the promotion of clean vehicles on the basis of public procurement.

Freight Transport Logistics Action Plan
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Freight Transport Logistics focuses on the planning, organisation, management, control and execution of freight transport operations in the supply chain. It is one of the drivers of European competitiveness and thus a prime contributor to the renewed Lisbon agenda on growth and jobs. Production and distribution networks depend on high-quality, efficient logistics chains to organise the transport of raw materials and finished goods across the EU and beyond. It is primarily a business related activity and a task for industry. Nevertheless, the authorities have a clear role to play in creating the appropriate framework conditions.
[doc1] [doc2]

Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion - Turning territorial diversity into Strength.
European Commission. DG Regional Policy, 2008

The conclusions of the informal meeting of the EU ministers responsible for spatial planning and regional development (Leipzig, May 2007) invited the European Commission to "prepare a report on territorial cohesion by 2008". The Green Paper therefore launches a debate on territorial cohesion with a view to deepening the understanding both of the concept and of its implications for policy, cooperation and coordination.
[doc] [annex]

Keep Europe Moving - Sustainable mobility for our continent (mid-term review of the 2001 Transport White Paper
European Commission, 2006.

From a slow start, the European Union’s transport policy has developed rapidly over the past 15 years. The objectives of EU transport policy, from the transport White Paper of 1992 via the White Paper of 2001 to today’s Communication, remain valid: to help provide Europeans with efficient, effective transportation systems.. [web site]

European transport policy for 2010: time to decide (white paper)
European Commission, 2001.

The Transport White Paper adopted by the European Commission on 12 September 2001 paints a realistic picture of the present situation with regard to transport and sets out an ambitious action programme comprising 60 or so measures between now and 2010. [web site]

Beyond Transport Policy - exploring and managing the external drivers of transport demand. Illustrative case studies from Europe.
European Environment Agency (EEA) 2008

The transport sector in Europe continues to increase its emissions of greenhouse gases, which remain a key challenge in creating a low-carbon future. The main cause of increased emissions is the growth in transport demand; freight and passenger traffic continue to grow at a very fast pace, outstripping gains made through fuel and energy efficiency. The vast majority of actions to reduce the carbon footprint of the transport sector has been taken within the transport sector itself and ignore the key drivers which create the demand for transport. A better understanding of the reasons behind the growth in transport demand is therefore crucial to formulating effective measures to manage and reduce the emissions.

Managing the Fundamental Drivers of Transport Demand.
European Conference of Ministers of Transport, 2003

The Seminar Managing the Fundamental Drivers of Transport Demand was organised by the Belgian Presidency of the ECMT in order to prepare the ground for a debate between Ministers on sustainable transport polices at the 2003 Council of Ministers. This meeting marked the 50th anniversary of the Conference and was a time for taking stock of achievements and looking forward to the key challenges for transport policy in the coming years. The contribution of the sector to more sustainable development is clearly a major part of that challenge. The conclusions of the seminar completed the dossier for Ministers on integrated transport and environment policy, complementing conclusions on the reform of transport charges and taxes and recommendations on integrated assessment and effective decision making support, which lies at the heart of more integrated policy making.

Managing Transport Challenges When Oil Prices Rise
McCormick Rankin Cagney, et al, for the New Zealand Transport Agency.

Newspaper articles summarizing this study are available at http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominionpost/4664442a6000.html and http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=280&objectid=10528808

This report provides practical guidance to central, regional, and local government agencies on how to manage the transport challenges associated with rising oil prices. It provides detailed information on:

•  Future Transport Fuel Price – Various forecasts are combined to model future transport fuel prices. This suggests that average oil prices will staying around $110 USD/barrel in the near future, but will increase to approximately $150 USD/barrel in 2012.  
•  Future Travel Demands - Models are used to predict future travel demands, taking into account fuel prices, economic growth, vehicle ownership, workforce participation, and disposable income. Under the average fuel price scenario total New Zealand vehicle travel declines below current levels until approximately 2016, after which the combined effects of population and economic growth will cause vehicle travel to increase.
• Optimal Responses to High Oil Costs – Various responses are identified and evaluated in terms of their ability to reduce economic risks and help achieve other planning objectives. The recommended strategies result in a more efficient and diverse transport system, providing various economic, social and environmental benefits.

Freight Transport Logistics Action Plan. Impact Assessment
Commission Staff Working Document. EC 2007.

This document reports on the results of the assessment of a series of actions the European Commission is considering carrying out to improve the efficiency of services for freight transport logistics in the EU and to secure that these develop in a manner that is in accordance with the concerns over the health of our natural and social environments. These actions may be incorporated in an EU Logistics Action Plan, as called for in the June 2006 Communication on Freight Transport Logistics.

This paper presents an overview of European policy on interconnected cross-border transport networks as well as of severe problems in estimating empirically the avalanche of goods movements in the European Union (EU). In particular, it deals with the Transalpine freight transport case, which represents one of the most challenging operational and policy issues of the present and future - both international (EU) and national (the Alpine countries) - freight transport developments

Infrastructure to 2030 (volume2)
Mapping policy for electricity, water and transport
OECD 2007

This publication is the final report on the two-year OECD Futures Project “Global Infrastructure Needs: Prospects and Implications for Public and Private Actors”. It presents the main findings and policy recommendations from the project, as well as expert papers that assess the future viability of current business models in electricity, water, rail, road and urban public transport infrastructure sectors

iTREN-2030. Integrated transport and energy baseline until 2030.
European Commission

iTREN-2030 will extend the forecasting and assessment capabilities of existing tools for the analysis of transport policies. The project will: Develop a linkage between the existing transport analysis tool TRANS-TOOLS and the POLES tool for energy technology and prices, the TREMOVE tool for environmental assessment and vehicle fleet development and the ASTRA tool for studying the economic effects of sectoral policies. Generate a consistent baseline, reflected by each of the four tools, for technology, transport, energy, environment and economic development until 2030.
[project website]

Public Transport Effects on Road Traffic: Potential and Limitations
Motoring Towards 2050 – Roads and Reality. RAC Foundation, UK 2008

The use of roads depends on transport modes used by people and those moving goods. Clearly rail, water and airborne transport do not make direct demands on the road network, but in many situations access to their terminals requires road transport. The use of public transport depends on its price and service characteristics in relation to current travel needs and these in turn depend on modal characteristics network coverage and capacity. This note looks at the use of public transport today, how it has changed over recent years and the role it is likely to play in future.

The Air Traffic Management Master Plan
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 2008.

The ATM Master Plan provides the roadmap for the development and deployment phases of the SESAR programme which constitutes the technological pillar of the Single European Sky policy. SESAR aims at developing the new generation air traffic management system capable of ensuring safety and efficiency of air transport throughout Europe over the next 30 years..

Single Sky II - What does it bring to Europe?
Directorate General for Energy and Transport. EC 2008.

An original Single European Sky (SES1) package came into force in 2004. At the time the greatest problem in air traffic management was congestion in the air and subsequent delays hence it also became the main focus of SES1, together with safety. During the past years the ATM (Air Traffic Management) situation has changed somewhat and whilst safety and capacity are still major issues, the picture has become more varied with a greater emphasis on environment and more recently due to the fuel price crisis, on cost efficiency. Additionally, the regulatory approach has been changed due to requests from Member States and stakeholders for a less prescriptive approach ("better regulation"). That is why the new legislation would put more emphasis on the goals, than the means to reach the goals. This document gives a short outline of the main new initiative; it is not exhaustive and does not cover the relevant parts of SES1, which still remain in force.
[doc1] [doc2]

An action plan for airport capacity, efficiency and safety in Europe
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions

The liberalisation of the European air transport sector is a major success: air traffic in Europe has tripled between 1980 and 2000. Between 1992 and 2005 the number of intra-EU routes has increased by 150%. European citizens can now enjoy a diversified range of air services at an affordable price. Concrete measures have been taken by the European Community in order to sustain this growth whilst maintaining a high level of safety and efficiency: The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was created in 2002 in order to rationalise European activities in the field of air worthiness; The Single European Sky legislative package adopted in 2004 aims at comprehensively reforming of the Air Traffic Management sector, with a view to increasing the safety and efficiency of the European sky...

Going trans-Eurpean. Planning and Financing Transport Networks for Europe
Mateu Turró

This book is directed at a wide range of readers interested in transport and/or European policies. It gives an overview of the current problems and challenges facing the European transport system and explains how a new European policy on transport infrastructure is emerging. The author argues that strong action at the EU level is needed to prevent the collapse of long distance transport. Without adequate measures in the transport sector to cope with the increase of trade and mobility associated with the development of the Single Market, European integration will stagnate. The book includes an overview of the actions undertaken in the past and the first comprehensive critical analysis of the Guidelines on trans-European transport networks (TEN's) decided by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament in July 1996. From this, the author proposes a framework, based on efficiency, sustainability and cohesion objectives, for the establishment of a new multimodal TEN that would supersede the current TENs design. He pays particular attention to the transport implications of both the accession to the EU of Central and Eastern European countries and of the strengthening of the links with the Mediterranean neighbours. After a discussion of the political and financial difficulties of implementing TENs, he makes some pratical proposals regarding the interaction between European institutions and the Member States vis-à-vis the new transport infrastructure policy. Finally, the critical questions of decision making and financing of major transport infrastructure projects are analysed to ascertain the many transformations required to introduce market rules in the sector, in particular those needed to attract private financing, and he concludes with some proposals for major changes in the role of EU institutions

Green Paper on Urban Mobility: Towards a New Culture for Urban Mobility
Communication from the Directorate-General for Energy and Transport.

Cities all over Europe face similar problems (congestion, road safety, security, pollution, climate change due to CO2 emissions etc.) and these problems are increasing constantly. Inaction would result in Europe having to pay an even higher price both in economic and environmental terms, as well as for the health and quality of life of European citizens. The objectives of the European transport policy cannot be achieved without a contribution from urban transport. It is time to put urban mobility on the European agenda and open a new chapter in European transport policy. This is the reason why the Commission wishes to open a debate with citizens and all relevant stakeholders at the local, regional, national and European levels. This should result in concrete proposals to achieve a sustainable urban mobility in Europe

Strategic Research Agenda for urban, suburban and reginal public transport and urban mobility in the European Union
by the Science, Technology and Applications Group of the EU PV Technology Platform.

As the representative of urban, suburban and regional passenger public transport in Europe, UITP is particularly concerned by the growing gap in research efforts between the private car industry and public transport modes. UITP is convinced that a multimodal integrated public transport approach is necessary to develop sustainable urban transport systems.

First Intelligent Car Repport
Secretary-General of the European Commission

The Intelligent Vehicle Systems already available today can lead to further reductions in the number of fatalities, important relief of congestion in cities and inter-urban corridors as well as significant reductions in pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases. The Intelligent Car Initiative will continue to use its three pillars in order to support the deployment of intelligent mobility in Europe.

Actions for Urban Mobility
Response to the public consultaton of the European Commission on a new Action Plan on Urban Mobility

EU transport funding should be available for schemes aimed at introducing demandmanagement schemes to cities: research, expertise exchange, system design andset-up costs could be supported from a European level. The EU should also supportprocurement of low-emission, fuel-efficient and quiet vehicles in public fleets.Training and guidance are needed for decision makers on the inclusion ofenvironmental sustainability aspects in funding applications, transport planning andurban planning. The EU guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Planning is anexcellent starting point which should be further developed